First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
Kazunori AkiyamaA. AlberdiMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAW. AlefInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainJuan Carlos AlgabaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyRichard AnantuaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKeiichi AsadaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USARebecca AzulayInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CU. BachObservatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainAnne-Kathrin BaczkoMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDavid BallMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMislav BalokovićSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAJ. BarrettYale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USAMichi BauböckMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAB. A. BensonDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USADan BintleyFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USALindy BlackburnJames Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAR. BlundellCenter for Astrophysics Harvard & SmithsonianKatherine L. BoumanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAGeoffrey C. BowerCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAHope BoyceInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAMichael BremerDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaChristiaan D. BrinkerinkInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceRoger BrissendenDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsS. BritzenCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAvery E. BroderickMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDominique BroguièreWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaThomas BronzwaerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceSandra BustamanteDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDo‐Young ByunDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAJ. E. CarlstromUniversity of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaChiara CeccobelloKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAAndrew ChaelDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenChi‐kwan ChanNASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein FellowKoushik ChatterjeeSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAShami ChatterjeeBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMing‐Tang ChenCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAYongjun ChenXiaopeng ChengIlje ChoKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaPierre ChristianInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainNicholas S. ConroyPhysics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USAJ. E. ConwayCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJ. M. CordesDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenT. M. CrawfordCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAG. CrewKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAAlejandro Cruz-OsorioMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAYuzhu CuiInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyJordy DavelaarMariafelicia De LaurentisDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsRoger DeaneINFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyJessica DempseyDepartment of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaG. DesvignesJames Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAJason DexterLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceVedant DhruvJILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USASheperd S. DoelemanDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USASean DougalCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USASergio A. DzibSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USARalph P. EatoughInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceRazieh EmamiMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyH. FalckeCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJoseph FarahDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsVincent L. FishLas Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USAEd FomalontMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAH. Alyson FordNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USARaquel Fraga-EncinasSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAWilliam T. FreemanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsPer FribergDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USAChristian M. FrommEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAAntonio FuentesInstitut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, GermanyPeter GalisonInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainCharles F. GammieBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USARoberto GarcíaDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAOlivier GentazInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceBoris GeorgievInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceC. GoddiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaRoman GoldDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, ItalyArturo I. Gómez-RuizInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyJosé L. GómezInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoMinfeng GuInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMark GurwellKazuhiro HadaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADaryl HaggardDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanKari HaworthMcGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, CanadaM. H. HechtCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USARonald HesperMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USADirk HeumannNOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsLuis C. HoSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAPaul T. P. HoMareki HonmaJames Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAChih-Wei L. HuangDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanLei 磊 Huang 黄Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CD. H. HughesShiro IkedaInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoC. M. Violette ImpellizzeriDepartment of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, JapanMakoto InoueLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsSara IssaounInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CD. J. JamesCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USABuell T. JannuziASTRAVEO LLC, P.O. Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USAMichaël JanssenSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USABritton JeterMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
2022en
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μ m, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i ≤ 30°. They have accretion rate (5.2–9.5) × 10 −9 M ⊙ yr −1 , bolometric luminosity (6.8–9.2) × 10 35 erg s −1 , and outflow power (1.3–4.8) × 10 38 erg s −1 . We also find that all models with i ≥ 70° fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μ m flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.
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