THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR SCHOOL PUPILS

Assessment is one of the most influential components of the educational process because it determines not only how pupils’ learning outcomes are measured, but also how teaching decisions are made, how feedback is organized, and how students understand their own progress. In contemporary school education, formative and summative assessment are regarded as two complementary mechanisms rather than opposing practices. Formative assessment supports learning during the instructional process by identifying pupils’ strengths, misconceptions, gaps, and developmental needs. The article concludes that an effective school assessment system should integrate formative and summative approaches in a balanced, transparent, and learner-centered manner.

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