Multiwavelength Variability of BL Lacertae Measured with High Time Resolution
Z. R. WeaverInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAKaren E. WilliamsonInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USASvetlana G. JorstadInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAAlan P. MarscherInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAV. M. LarionovAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaC. M. RaiteriINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyM. VillataINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyJ. A. Acosta‐PulidoDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainR. BachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaG. V. BaidaCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, 298409, RussiaT. J. BalonekDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USAE. BenítezInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-264, CDMX 04510, MéxicoГ. А. БорманCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, 298409, RussiaV. BozhilovDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaM. I. CarnereroINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyD. CarosatiINAF, TNG Fundacion Galileo Galilei, E-38712 La Palma, SpainWen-Ping ChenGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Road, Zhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, TaiwanG. DamljanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060, Belgrade, SerbiaVinit DhimanAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital—263 001, IndiaD. J. DoughertyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USASh. A. EhgamberdievUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, UzbekistanT. S. GrishinaAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaAlok C. GuptaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital—263 001, IndiaMurdock HartInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USAD. HiriartH. Y. HsiaoGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Road, Zhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, TaiwanS. IbryamovDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shumen, 115 Universitetska Str., 9712 Shumen, BulgariaM. D. JonerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USAG. N. KimeridzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaE. N. KopatskayaAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaO. M. KurtanidzeLandessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyS. O. KurtanidzeLandessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyЕ. Г. ЛарионоваAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaKatsura MatsumotoAstronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 582-8582, JapanR. MatsumuraAstronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 582-8582, JapanM. MinevDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaD. O. MirzaqulovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, UzbekistanD. A. MorozovaAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaA. A. NikiforovaMain (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory of RAS, Pulkovskoye shosse 60, St. Petersburg 196149, RussiaM. G. NikolashviliLandessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyE. OvcharovDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaN. RizziA. C. SadunDepartment of Physics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217, USAС. С. СавченкоAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaE. SemkovInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaJohn J. SlaterDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USAKrista Lynne SmithKIPAC at SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USAM. StojanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060, Belgrade, SerbiaA. StrigachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaYu. V. TroitskayaAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaI. S. TroitskyAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaAn-Li TsaiGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, 300 Jhongda Road, Zhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, TaiwanO. VinceAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060, Belgrade, SerbiaA. ValchevaDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaA. A. VasilyevAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg 198504, RussiaE. ZaharievaDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaА. В. ЖовтанCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, 298409, Russia
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract In an effort to locate the sites of emission at different frequencies and physical processes causing variability in blazar jets, we have obtained high time-resolution observations of BL Lacertae over a wide wavelength range: with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) at 6000–10000 Å with 2 minute cadence; with the Neil Gehrels Swift satellite at optical, UV, and X-ray bands; with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array at hard X-ray bands; with the Fermi Large Area Telescope at γ -ray energies; and with the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope for measurement of the optical flux density and polarization. All light curves are correlated, with similar structure on timescales from hours to days. The shortest timescale of variability at optical frequencies observed with TESS is ∼0.5 hr. The most common timescale is 13 ± 1 hr, comparable with the minimum timescale of X-ray variability, 14.5 hr. The multiwavelength variability properties cannot be explained by a change solely in the Doppler factor of the emitting plasma. The polarization behavior implies that there are both ordered and turbulent components to the magnetic field in the jet. Correlation analysis indicates that the X-ray variations lag behind the γ -ray and optical light curves by up to ∼0.4 day. The timescales of variability, cross-frequency lags, and polarization properties can be explained by turbulent plasma that is energized by a shock in the jet and subsequently loses energy to synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation in a magnetic field of strength ∼3 G.
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