Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017
F. D’AmmandoINAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyC. M. RaiteriINAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, ItalyM. VillataINAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, ItalyJ. A. Acosta‐PulidoDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainI. AgudoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, SpainA. A. ArkharovPulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, RussiaR. BachevInstitute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaG. V. BaidaCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, RussiaE. BenítezInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoГ. А. БорманCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, RussiaW. BoschinDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainV. BozhilovFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaM. S. ButuzovaCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, RussiaP. CalcideseOsservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta, I-11020 Nus, ItalyM. I. CarnereroINAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via P. Torinese, I- Torino, ItalyD. CarosatiEPT Observatories, Tijarafe, E-38780 La Palma, SpainC. CasadioInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, SpainN Castro-SeguraDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainW-P ChenGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, TaiwanG. DamljanovićAstronomical Observatory, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaA. Di PaolaINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyJ. EchevarríaInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoН. В. ЕфимоваPulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, RussiaSh. A. EhgamberdievUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanC EspinosaInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, SpainA. GiuntaINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, ItalyJosé L. GómezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, SpainT. S. GrishinaMark GurwellHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAD. HiriartInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoHelen JermakAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UKB. JordanSchool of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies, IrelandSvetlana G. JorstadAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaM. JoshiInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USAG. N. KimeridzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaE. N. KopatskayaK. S. KuratovFesenkov Astrophysical Institute, Almaty, KazakhstanO. M. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaS. O. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaA. LähteenmäkiAalto University Dept of Electronics and Nanoengineering, FI-00076 Aalto, FinlandV. M. LarionovAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaЕ. Г. ЛарионоваL. V. LarionovaC. LázaroDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainChien-Cheng LinGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, TaiwanMichael P. MalmroseInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USAAlan P. MarscherInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USAKatsura MatsumotoAstronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka 582-8582, JapanB. McBreenUCD School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, IrelandR. MichelInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoB. MihovInstitute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaM. MinevFaculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, University of Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaD. O. MirzaqulovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Maidanak Observatory, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanS. N. MolinaInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), E-18080 Granada, SpainJ. W. MoodyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USAD. A. MorozovaS. V. NazarovCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, RussiaA. A. NikiforovaAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaM. G. NikolashviliAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaJ. OhlertMichael Adrian Observatorium, Astronomie Stiftung Trebur, D-65468 Trebur, GermanyN. N. OkhmatCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, RussiaE. OvcharovInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MéxicoFrancesca PinnaDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainTom PolakisC. ProtasioDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainT. PursimoNordic Optical Telescope, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, SpainF. J. Redondo-LorenzoDepartamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, E-38205 Tenerife, SpainN. RizziG. Rodríguez-CoiraLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceKunihiko SadakaneAstronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka 582-8582, JapanA. C. SadunDepartment of Physics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USAM. R. SamalGraduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, TaiwanС. С. СавченкоE. SemkovInstitute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaL. A. SiguaAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaB. A. SkiffLowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 85751, USAL. Slavcheva‐MihovaInstitute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaPaul S. SmithSteward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAI. A. SteeleAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UKA. StrigachevInstitute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, BulgariaJ. TammiAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandC. ThumInstituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica, E-18012 Granada, SpainM. TornikoskiAalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandYu. V. TroitskayaI. S. TroitskyA. A. VasilyevO. VinceAstronomical Observatory, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaT. HovattaAalto University Metshovi Radio Observatory, Metshovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandS. KiehlmannOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAW. Max-MoerbeckDepartamento de Astronoma, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, ChileA. C. S. ReadheadOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAR. ReevesDepartamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, ChileT. J. PearsonOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA(the OVRO Team)Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan 420044, RussiaТ. В. МуфахаровKazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan 420044, RussiaYu. V. SotnikovaSpecial Astrophysical Observatory of RAS, Nizhnij Arkhyz 369167, RussiaМ. Г. МингалиевKazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan 420044, Russia
ABI
Аннотация
ABSTRACT We present a multiwavelength study of the flat-spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013–2017. We use radio-to-optical data obtained by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope, 15 GHz data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 91 and 103 GHz data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, near-infrared data from the Rapid Eye Monitor telescope, as well as data from the Swift (optical-UV and X-rays) and Fermi (γ-rays) satellites to study flux and spectral variability and the correlation between flux changes at different wavelengths. Unprecedented γ-ray flaring activity was observed during 2016 November–2017 February, with four major outbursts. A peak flux of (2158 ± 63) × 10−8 ph cm−2 s−1, corresponding to a luminosity of (2.2 ± 0.1) × 1050 erg s−1, was reached on 2016 December 28. These four γ-ray outbursts have corresponding events in the near-infrared, optical, and UV bands, with the peaks observed at the same time. A general agreement between X-ray and γ-ray activity is found. The γ-ray flux variations show a general, strong correlation with the optical ones with no time lag between the two bands and a comparable variability amplitude. This γ-ray/optical relationship is in agreement with the geometrical model that has successfully explained the low-energy flux and spectral behaviour, suggesting that the long-term flux variations are mainly due to changes in the Doppler factor produced by variations of the viewing angle of the emitting regions. The difference in behaviour between radio and higher energy emission would be ascribed to different viewing angles of the jet regions producing their emission.
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