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THE AFTERGLOWS OF<i>SWIFT</i>-ERA GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. I. COMPARING PRE-<i>SWIFT</i>AND<i>SWIFT</i>-ERA LONG/SOFT (TYPE II) GRB OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS

Д. А. КаннThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyS. KloseThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyBing ZhangDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USAD. MalesaniDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkEhud NakarDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAA. PozanenkoSpace Research Institute (IKI), 84/32 Profsoyuznaya Str, Moscow 117997, RussiaA. C. WilsonDepartment of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USAN. ButlerAstronomy Department, University of California, 445 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USAP. JakobssonCentre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, IS 107 Reykjavik, IcelandS. SchulzeThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyM. AndreevTerskol Branch of Institute of Astronomy of RAS, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic 361605, Russian FederationL. A. AntonelliINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040, Monteporzio Catone (RM), ItalyI. BikmaevKazan State University and Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Kazan, RussiaV. V. BiryukovSRI "Crimean Astrophysical Observatory" (CrAO), Nauchny, Crimea 98409, UkraineM. BöttcherAstrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clippinger 339, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USAR. BureninSpace Research Institute (IKI), 84/32 Profsoyuznaya Str, Moscow 117997, RussiaJ. M. Castro CerónDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkA. J. Castro‐TiradoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos, 3004, E-18080 Granada, SpainG. ChincariniDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, piazza delle Scienze 3, 20126 Milano, ItalyB. E. CobbDepartment of Astronomy, Yale University, P.O. Box 208101, New Haven, CT 06520, USAS. CovinoINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyP. D’AvanzoDipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, ItalyV. D’EliaASI-Science Data Centre, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, ItalyM. Della ValleINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello, 16 80131, Napoli, ItalyA. de Ugarte PostigoINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyYu. P. EfimovCrimean Laboratory of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Nauchny, Crimea 98409, UkraineP. FerreroThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyD. FugazzaINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyJ. P. U. FynboDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkM. GålfalkStockholm Observatory, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, SwedenF. GrundahlDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Århus C, DenmarkJ. GorosabelInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos, 3004, E-18080 Granada, SpainS. GuptaAstrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clippinger 339, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USAS. GuziyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos, 3004, E-18080 Granada, SpainB. HafizovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent 700052, UzbekistanJ. HjorthDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkK. HolhjemArgelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyM. IbrahimovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent 700052, UzbekistanMyungshin ImCenter for the Exploration of the Origin of the Universe (CEOU), Astronomy Program, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul National University, 56-1 San, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, South KoreaG. L. IsraelINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040, Monteporzio Catone (RM), ItalyM. JelínekInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Apartado de Correos, 3004, E-18080 Granada, SpainB. L. JensenDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkR. KarimovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent 700052, UzbekistanI. KhamitovTÜBİTAK National Observatory, Antalya, TurkeyÜ. KızıloğluMiddle East Technical University, Ankara, TurkeyE. KlunkoInstitute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Lermontov st., 126a, Irkutsk 664033, RussiaP. KubánekEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), P.O. Box-Apdo. de correos 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainA. KutyrevObservational Cosmology Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771-2400, USAPeter LaursenDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkA. J. LevanDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UKF. MannucciINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, ItalyC. MartinLoyola College, 4501 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, USAA. MescheryakovSpace Research Institute (IKI), 84/32 Profsoyuznaya Str, Moscow 117997, RussiaN. MirabalDpto. de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainJ. P. NorrisDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USAJ. E. OvaldsenInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, NorwayD. ParaficzDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkЕ. П. ПавленкоSRI "Crimean Astrophysical Observatory" (CrAO), Nauchny, Crimea 98409, UkraineS. PiranomonteINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040, Monteporzio Catone (RM), ItalyA. RossiThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyV. RumyantsevSRI "Crimean Astrophysical Observatory" (CrAO), Nauchny, Crimea 98409, UkraineR. SalinasGrupo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, ChileА. В. СергеевTerskol Branch of Institute of Astronomy of RAS, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic 361605, Russian FederationD. SharapovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent 700052, UzbekistanJ. SollermanAlbaNovaB. StecklumThüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D–07778 Tautenburg, GermanyL. StellaINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040, Monteporzio Catone (RM), ItalyG. TagliaferriINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), ItalyN. R. TanvirDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UKJ. H. TeltingUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent 700052, UzbekistanV. TestaINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00040, Monteporzio Catone (RM), ItalyA. C. UpdikeDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, 118 Kinard Laboratory, Clemson, SC 29634, USAA. VolnovaSternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr., 13, Moscow 119992, RussiaD. WatsonDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, DenmarkK. WiersemaAstronomical Institute "Anton Pannekoek," University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The NetherlandsD. XuDark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
The Astrophysical Journaljournal2010en
ABI

Annotatsiya

We have gathered optical photometry data from the literature on a large sample of Swift-era gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows including GRBs up to 2009 September, for a total of 76 GRBs, and present an additional three pre-Swift GRBs not included in an earlier sample. Furthermore, we publish 840 additional new photometry data points on a total of 42 GRB afterglows, including large data sets for GRBs 050319, 050408, 050802, 050820A, 050922C, 060418, 080413A, and 080810. We analyzed the light curves of all GRBs in the sample and derived spectral energy distributions for the sample with the best data quality, allowing us to estimate the host-galaxy extinction. We transformed the afterglow light curves into an extinction-corrected z = 1 system and compared their luminosities with a sample of pre-Swift afterglows. The results of a former study, which showed that GRB afterglows clustered and exhibited a bimodal distribution in luminosity space, are weakened by the larger sample. We found that the luminosity distribution of the two afterglow samples (Swift-era and pre-Swift) is very similar, and that a subsample for which we were not able to estimate the extinction, which is fainter than the main sample, can be explained by assuming a moderate amount of line-of-sight host extinction. We derived bolometric isotropic energies for all GRBs in our sample, and found only a tentative correlation between the prompt energy release and the optical afterglow luminosity at 1 day after the GRB in the z = 1 system. A comparative study of the optical luminosities of GRB afterglows with echelle spectra (which show a high number of foreground absorbing systems) and those without, reveals no indication that the former are statistically significantly more luminous. Furthermore, we propose the existence of an upper ceiling on afterglow luminosities and study the luminosity distribution at early times, which was not accessible before the advent of the Swift satellite. Most GRBs feature afterglows that are dominated by the forward shock from early times on. Finally, we present the first indications of a class of long GRBs, which form a bridge between the typical high-luminosity, high-redshift events and nearby low-luminosity events (which are also associated with spectroscopic supernovae) in terms of energetics and observed redshift distribution, indicating a continuous distribution overall.

Mavzular

Gamma-ray bursts and supernovaeAstronomy and Astrophysical ResearchAstro and Planetary Science

Identifikatorlar

DOI
10.1088/0004-637x/720/2/1513

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