A wiggling filamentary jet at the origin of the blazar multi-wavelength behaviour
C. M. RaiteriINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyM. VillataINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyM. I. CarnereroINAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, ItalyS. O. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaD. O. MirzaqulovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Astronomy Street 33, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanE. BenítezInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-264 CDMX 04510, MexicoG. BonnoliINAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Emilio Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, (LC), ItalyD. CarosatiEPT Observatories, Tijarafe, La Palma, SpainJ. A. Acosta‐PulidoInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Via Lactea, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainI. AgudoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, SpainT. S. AndreevaInstitute of Applied Astronomy of RAS, Kutuzova Embankment 10, St. Petersburg 191187, RussiaG. ApolonioBrigham Young University Department of Physics and Astronomy, N284 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USAR. BachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaГ. А. БорманCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, CrimeaV. BozhilovDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaL. F. BrownConnecticut College, 270 Mohegan Ave., New London, CT, USAW. CarbonellConnecticut College, 270 Mohegan Ave., New London, CT, USAC. CasadioInstitute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, 7110 Heraklion, GreeceWen-Ping ChenNational Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli, 32001 Taoyuan, TaiwanG. DamljanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaSh. A. EhgamberdievNational University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, UzbekistanD. ElsäesserAstroteilchenphysik, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4A, D-44227 Dortmund, GermanyJuan EscuderoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, SpainM. FeigeHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, SpainD. GabelliniHypatia Observatory, 19 Via Sacco e Vanzetti, Viserba, Rimini, ItalyK. GazeasSection of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Dept. of Physics, National and Kapodistrian Univ. of Athens, 15784 Zografos, Athens, GreeceM. GirolettiINAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyT. S. GrishinaSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaAlok C. GuptaAryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, IndiaMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAV. A. Hagen-ThornSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaGamal M. HamedNational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, EgyptD. HiriartInstituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 106, Ensenada, 22800 B.C., MexicoM. W. HodgesOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAR. Z. IvanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaD. IvanovInstitute of Applied Astronomy of RAS, Kutuzova Embankment 10, St. Petersburg 191187, RussiaM. D. JonerBrigham Young University Department of Physics and Astronomy, N284 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USASvetlana G. JorstadIAR, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USAM. D. JovanovicAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaS. KiehlmannDepartment of Physics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, GreeceG. N. KimeridzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaE. N. KopatskayaSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaYu. A. KovalevAstro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, 117997 Moscow, RussiaY.Y. KovalevAstro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, 117997 Moscow, RussiaO. M. KurtanidzeAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaA. KurtenkovInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaЕ. Г. ЛарионоваSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaA. LessingHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyH. C. LinNational Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli, 32001 Taoyuan, TaiwanJ. LópezFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, El Sauzal, Ensenada, 22800 B.C., MexicoC. LoreyHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyJ. LudwigHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyN. MarchiliINAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyAlessandro MarchiniAstronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, ItalyAlan P. MarscherIAR, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USAKatsura MatsumotoAstronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka 582-8582, JapanW. Max-MoerbeckDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, ChileB. MihovInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaM. MinevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaМ. Г. МингалиевInstitute of Applied Astronomy of RAS, Kutuzova Embankment 10, St. Petersburg 191187, RussiaA. ModaressiConnecticut College, 270 Mohegan Ave., New London, CT, USAD. A. MorozovaSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaF. MortariHypatia Observatory, 19 Via Sacco e Vanzetti, Viserba, Rimini, ItalyT.V. MufakharovInstitute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, Moscow 117312, RussiaI. MyserlisInstitut de Radioastronomie Milimétrique, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, 18012 Granada, SpainM. G. NikolashviliAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaT. J. PearsonOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAA.V. PopkovAstro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, 117997 Moscow, RussiaI. A. RahimovInstitute of Applied Astronomy of RAS, Kutuzova Embankment 10, St. Petersburg 191187, RussiaA. C. S. ReadheadOwens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USADavid ReinhartHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyR. ReevesCePIA, Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, ChileS. RighiniINAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyF. D. RomanovAbbey Ridge Observatory, 45 Abbey Road, Stillwater Lake, Nova Scotia, CanadaС. С. СавченкоPulkovo Observatory, St. Petersburg 196140, RussiaE. SemkovInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaE. V. ShishkinaSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaL. A. SiguaAbastumani Observatory, Mt. Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, GeorgiaL. Slavcheva-MihovaInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaYu. V. SotnikovaInstitute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, Moscow 117312, RussiaR. SteinekeHans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, GermanyM. StojanovićAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaA. StrigachevInstitute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Blvd., 1784 Sofia, BulgariaA. TakeyNational Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, EgyptEfthalia TraianouInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, E-18008 Granada, SpainYu. V. TroitskayaSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaI. S. TroitskiySaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaAn-Li TsaiNational Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli, 32001 Taoyuan, TaiwanA. ValchevaDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaA. A. VasilyevSaint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaG. VernaAstronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, ItalyO. VinceAstronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, SerbiaK. VrontakiSection of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Dept. of Physics, National and Kapodistrian Univ. of Athens, 15784 Zografos, Athens, GreeceZ. R. WeaverIAR, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USAJ. R. WebbFlorida International University, The SARA Observatories, FIU, Miami, Florida, USAQ. YuldoshevUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Astronomy Street 33, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanE. ZaharievaDepartment of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, BG-1164 Sofia, BulgariaА. В. ЖовтанCrimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny 298409, Crimea
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Context. Blazars are beamed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) known for their strong multi-wavelength variability on timescales ranging from years down to minutes. Many different models have been proposed to explain this variability. Aims. We aim to investigate the suitability of the twisting jet model presented in previous works to explain the multi-wavelength behaviour of BL Lacertae, the prototype of one of the blazar classes. According to this model, the jet is inhomogeneous, curved, and twisting, and the long-term variability is due to changes in the Doppler factor due to variations in the orientation of the jet-emitting regions. Methods. We analysed optical data of the source obtained during monitoring campaigns organised by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) in 2019–2022, together with radio data from the WEBT and other teams, and γ -ray data from the Fermi satellite. In this period, BL Lacertae underwent an extraordinary activity phase, reaching its historical optical and γ -ray brightness maxima. Results. The application of the twisting jet model to the source light curves allows us to infer the wiggling motion of the optical, radio, and γ -ray jet-emitting regions. The optical-radio correlation shows that the changes in the radio viewing angle follow those in the optical viewing angle by about 120 days, and it suggests that the jet is composed of plasma filaments, which is in agreement with some radio high-resolution observations of other sources. The γ -ray emitting region is found to be co-spatial with the optical one, and the analysis of the γ -optical correlation is consistent with both the geometric interpretation and a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) origin of the high-energy photons. Conclusions. We propose a geometric scenario where the jet is made up of a pair of emitting plasma filaments in a sort of double-helix curved rotating structure, whose wiggling motion produces changes in the Doppler beaming and can thus explain the observed multi-wavelength long-term variability.
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