The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents
Edyta CharzyńskaInstitute of Psychology, Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, PolandAleksandra BuźniakInstitute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, PolandStanisław K. CzerwińskiInstitute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, PolandNatalia Woropay-HordziejewiczInstitute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, PolandZuzanna SchneiderInstitute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, PolandToivo AavikInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, EstoniaMladen AdamovicDepartment of Human Resource Management & Employment Relations, King's Business School, King's College London, London, United KingdomByron G. AdamsDepartment of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South AfricaSami M. Al-MahjoobPsychology Department, College of Arts, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, BahrainSaad A. S. AlmoshawahJames ArrowsmithSchool of Management, College of Business, Massey University, Albany, New ZealandStephen AsatsaThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, KenyaStéphanie AustinDepartment of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, CanadaShahnaz AzizDepartment of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USAArnold B. BakkerCenter of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCristian BalducciDepartment of Psychology, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti, ItalyEduardo BarrosSchool of Business, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, ChileSergiu BălţătescuUniversity of Oradea, Oradea, RomaniaDana BdierPsychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, PalestineNitesh BhatiaDepartment of Business Administration, School of Management Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, IndiaSnežana BilićFaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, International Balkan University, Skopje, Republic of North MacedoniaDiana BoerInstitute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, GermanyAvner CaspiDepartment of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, IsraelTrawin ChaleeraktrakoonFaculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Thammasat University, Bangkok, ThailandCly ChanDepartment of Management and Marketing, University of Macau, Macao, ChinaChungJen ChienCollege of Management, Yuan Ze University, TaiwanHoon‐Seok ChoiDepartment of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaRajneesh ChoubisaDepartment of Humanities and Social Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, IndiaMarilyn ClarkDepartment of Psychology, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, University of Malta, Msida, MaltaĐorđe ČekrlijaDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinaZsolt DemetrovicsCentre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, GibraltarEglantina DervishiPedagogy and Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, AlbaniaPiyanjali de ZoysaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri LankaAlejandra del Carmen Domínguez EspinosaPsychology Department, Ibero-American University, Mexico City, MexicoSonya Dragova‐KolevaDepartment of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, BulgariaVasiliki EfstathiouDepartment of Psychology, School of Philosophy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GreeceMaría Eugenia FernándezDepartment of Psychology, Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), Montevideo, UruguayClaude FernetDepartment of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, CanadaHesham F. GadelrabDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptVladimer Lado GamsakhurdiaDepartment of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, GeorgiaRagna B. GarðarsdóttirUniversity of Iceland, Reykjavik, IcelandLuís Eduardo GarridoSchool of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicNicolas GilletInstitut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, FranceSónia P. GonçalvesCentro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Lisboa, PortugalMark D. GriffithsInternational Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United KingdomNaira HakobyanInternational Scientific-Educational Center, the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, ArmeniaFatimah Wati HalimResearch Centre for Psychology and Human Well-being, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MalaysiaMichel HansenneDepartment of Psychology, University of Liège, Liège, BelgiumBashar HasanCollege of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wasit University, Al-Kut, IraqMari HerttalampiDepartment of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandClifford Kendrick HlatywayoUniversity of Namibia, Windhoek, NamibiaIvana HromatkoDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaEric R. IgouDepartment of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of IrelandDzintra IliškoDaugavpils University, Daugavpils, LatviaUlker IsayevaPsychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, AzerbaijanHussein IsmailAdnan Kassar School of Business – AACSB Accredited, Department of Management Studies, Lebanese American University, Beirut, LebanonDorthe Høj JensenDepartment of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkPaul KakupaSchool of Education, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, ZambiaShanmukh V. KambleDepartment of Psychology, Karnatak University Dharwad, Dharwad, IndiaAhmed KerricheFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychometrics and Psychological Studies Laboratory, University of Blida 2, El Affroun, AlgeriaBettina KubicekDepartment of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, AustriaNuworza KugbeySchool of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, GhanaBernadette KunInstitute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HungaryJ. Hannah LeeDepartment of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United StatesElena LisáFaculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, SlovakiaYanina LisunDepartment of Journalism and Advertising, State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, UkraineMaría Laura Lupano PeruginiNational Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFrancesco MarcattoDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, ItalyBiljana MaslovarićFaculty of Philosophy Nikšić, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, MontenegroKoorosh MassoudiInstitute of Psychology of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandTracy A. McFarlaneDepartment of Sociology, Psychology & Social Work, University of the West Indies, Mona, JamaicaSamson John MgaiwaSeyyed Taha Moosavi JahanabadFaculty of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranRodrigo Moreta‐HerreraSchool of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, EcuadorNguyễn Thị Minh HằngFaculty of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities (USSH), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU Hanoi), Hanoi, VietnamYohsuke OhtsuboDepartment of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanTuğba ÖzsoySakarya University of Applied Sciences, Geyve Vocational School, TurkeyKjell Ivar ØvergårdDepartment of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Borre, NorwayStåle PallesenDepartment of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayJane ParkerSchool of Management, College of Business, Massey University, Albany, New ZealandNejc PlohlDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Maribor, SloveniaHalley M. PontesSchool of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United KingdomRachael PotterPsychosocial Safety Climate Global Observatory, Centre for Workplace Excellence, Justice & Society, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, AustraliaAlan RoeLeeds University Business School, Leeds, United KingdomAdil SamekinSchool of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, KazakhstanMarion K. SchulmeyerUniversidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, BoliviaSeĭsembekov TzDepartment of Cardiology, Astana Medical University, Astana, KazakhstanMaría-José Serrano-FernándezFaculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, SpainGhada ShahrourFaculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanJelena Sladojević MatićFaculty of Media and Communication, Singidunum University in Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaRosita SobhieInterfaculty for Graduate Studies and Research, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, SurinamePaola SpagnoliDepartment of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, ItalyJoana StoryMark J. M. SullmanDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusLiliya SultanovaFaculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Branch in Tashkent, Tashkent, UzbekistanRuimei SunCenter for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, ChinaAngela Oktavia SuryaniAtma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaSteve SussmanDepartments of Population and Public Health Sciences, and Psychology, and School of Social Work, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USAMendiola Teng‐CallejaAteneo Center for Organization Research and Development, Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, PhilippinesJúlio ToralesDepartment of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
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Background and aims: Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon. Methods: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years). Results: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions. Discussion and conclusions: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.
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