Classification of impurity voltaic effects in semiconductors and impurity voltaics

A classification is proposed of the impurity voltaic effects in semiconductors, considering the forms of energy being converted, number of impurity energy levels, and sequence of electronic transitions with their participation. The basic principles are formulated of impurity voltaics, which may become a special branch of the R&D work aimed at increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic, thermophotovoltaic, and thermoelectric cells.

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